A case study becomes a research report related to descriptive information about the type of experimental or experimental research data , project, event or analysis. In the social sciences case studies involve an in-depth, detailed examination of the study subject (case), as well as the associated contextual conditions and Buy Essay Online . 

Here other case study research methods can be generated by following formal research methods. Case studies tend to appear in formal research settings, as professional journals and conferences, rather than popular works. Case studies are widely used in disciplines and professions, from psychology, anthropology, sociology, and political science to education, clinical science, social work, and administrative science.

Definition of Case Study

Case study research is an in-depth and detailed research about a person or a small group of individuals with a qualitative nature, because it produces a narrative description of the behavior and experiences found by the researcher.

Understanding Case Studies According to Experts

The definition of case studies according to experts, among others;

1. Pollit and Hungler (1990)

Case studies focus on determining the dynamics of further questioning why a person thinks, does something, or even develops himself. This focus is considered by Pollit and Hungler to be important in case studies because it requires intensive analysis, not focusing on status, progress, actions, or thoughts.

1. Yin (1996)

Case studies can be described as an empirical knowledge-seeking process to investigate and examine various phenomena in real-life contexts. Yin also suggests that the case study approach can be applied if the boundaries between phenomena and real-life contexts are blurred or not clearly visible and there are various sources that can be used as a reference for evidence and extracting information.

1. Tellis  (1997)

A case study is a method that has a unit of analysis that refers more to the system of actions taken than to the individual himself or a particular institution. Tellis also emphasized that the unit of analysis is critical in the application of case studies and can vary between individuals or institutions.

1. Bimo Walgito (2010)

Case study is a method that aims to study and investigate an event or phenomenon about an individual, such as the life history of a person who is the object of research . Bimo Walgito also stated that it takes a lot of information and integration of data obtained from other methods to obtain in-depth information on the case study method.

1. Feagin, Orum and Sjoberg

Case studies are a type of research method that is multi-perspective analysis,  namely research that requires analysis from various points of view and does not focus on the individual who is the object of research.

Researchers must pay attention to other aspects such as groups that are relevant to related individuals and have interactions with each other, to be able to give strength to those who are weaker ( powerless ) and cannot express opinions ( voiceless ).

Case Study Features

There are several characteristics of case study research, including;

1. Case studies are research strategies and empirical investigations that investigate phenomena in real-life contexts
2. Case studies are based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event to explore the underlying causes of the principles
3. A case study is a descriptive and exploratory analysis of a person, group or event
4. Case study research can be single or multiple case studies, including quantitative research evidence , depending on multiple sources of evidence and benefit from prior development of theoretical propositions
5. Case study is an analysis of people, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies, institutions or other systems that are studied holistically with one or more methods.

Case Study Type

There are several types of case studies, each differing from one another based on the hypothesis and/or thesis to be proven. It is even possible for one type of case study to overlap with other types of case studies.

Each of the following types of case studies can be used in any field or discipline. Be it psychology, business or art, and various other fields.

1. Explanatory

Explanatory case studies aim to answer the \'how\' or \'why\' questions, when the researcher has almost no control over the events being described. This type of case study focuses on phenomena in the context of real-life situations. For example, the influence of political or economic events on wars and global crises.

Basically, the explanatory case study is 1 + 1 = 2. The results are not suitable for interpretation. A case study with a person or group will not be clear, because with humans, there will always be variables. There are always minor variants that cannot be explained. The purpose of the explanatory case study is to better present the data and description of the casual investigation.

1. Exploratory

Exploratory case studies aim to find answers to \'what\' or \'who\' questions. Exploratory case study data collection methods are often accompanied by additional data collection methods such as interviews, questionnaires, experiments, and others.

An exploratory case study is usually a precursor to a formal, large-scale research project. These case studies are used to provide more background information than typical case studies, to better compare results, and to allow researchers to dedicate more time to studying the information needed for their experiment or case.

1. Descriptive

Descriptive case studies aim to analyze a particular sequence of events, which occurred in the past. Such research topics can include culture or history, when the researcher tries to explain a particular phenomenon.

The purpose of a descriptive research case study is to be able to compare the new encounter with the existing theoretical basis .

Forms of Case Studies Based on Research Problems

Creswell divides case study research based on the purpose of the case analysis into 3 (three) types, namely:

1. Single Instrumental Case Study

A single instrumental case study is a case study research conducted by using a case to describe an issue. In this study, the researcher pays attention to and examines an issue that interests him, and uses a case as a means (instrument) to describe it in detail.

1. Multiple Case Studies

A plural case study ( collective or multiple case study ) is a case study research that uses many (more than one) issues or cases in one study. Focus in research on only one issue and use many cases to explain it.

In addition, this research can also only use one case (location), but with many issues under study. This research can also be very complex, because it focuses on many issues or concerns and uses many cases to explain them.

1. In-depth case studies

An in-depth case study ( intrinsic case study ) is research conducted on a case that has high specificity and uniqueness. This research focuses on the case itself, either as a location, program, event or activity and writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing.

This research is similar to narrative research, but has a more detailed study procedure on the case and its relation to the surrounding environment in an integrated and real-life manner. More specifically, it can be said that an in-depth case study is a research that is very tied to its context, or very tied to its locus ( site-case ).

Case Study Objectives

The general objectives of the case study include the following;

1. Describe an individual situation (case), for example: a person, business, organization, or institution, in detail;
2. Identify the main problems of the case;
3. Analyzing cases using relevant theoretical concepts from specific units or disciplines;
4. Recommend actions for specific cases (especially for problem solving case studies).

While more specifically, the following are the objectives of case studies in several fields of science, including:

1. The goal behind a psychologist\'s case study is to seek in-depth information about the human brain, behavior, or cognitive thinking.
2. The goal of a sociologist\'s case study would be similar to that of a psychologist\'s, except that it looks into behavior or interactions within, between, or around communities, groups, or organizations.
3. The purpose of the case study of scientists is to experiment between theories or generate new theories. Scientists can develop hypotheses and detail through their research and experiment while processing through their preferred type of case study.

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